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Concrete SupplyWhat is the local availability of concrete in your case area?
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Electricity SupplyWhat proportion of each type of electricity supply is available in the given case?
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Frequency of Operation and Maintenance (O&M)What level of operation and maintenance capacity is available/feasible in your case area?
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Fuel SupplyWhat proportion of of the areas as what level of fuel supply?
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Pipe SupplyHow is the pipe supply distributed in your case area?
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Pump Supply How is the pump supply distributed in your case area?
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Spare Parts SupplyWhat level of spare parts supply is available/feasible in your case area?
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Water SupplyWhat proportion of each type of water supply is available in the given case?
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ExcavationHow is the ease of excavation distributed in your case area?
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FloodingHow is the flooding risk distributed in your case area?
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SlopeHow is the slope distributed in your case area?
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Soil TypeHow is the soil type distributed in your case area?
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TemperatureHow is the temperature distributed over the year in your case area?
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Vehicular AccessHow is the accessibility by motorized vehicles (e.g. pumping trucks) at locations planned for onsite sanitation technologies distributed in your case area?
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Drinking Water Exposure How many of the implementation sites can pollute nearby drinking water sources (e.g. groundwater wells)?
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Construction Skills How is the construction skills availability distributed in your case area?
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Design SkillsHow is the design skills availability distributed in your case area?
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Operation and Maintenance SkillsHow is the operation and maintenance skills availability distributed in your case area?
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Cleansing MethodHow is the cleansing method distributed in your case area?
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Construction Parts SupplyWhat level of accessibility does each type of parts (required for construction) have in your case?
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LifetimeWhat lifetime is a technology required to have in the case?
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ScalabilityWhat scalability is a technology required to provide in your case?
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Speed of Implementation for Toilet StructureHow acceptable are the following speeds of implementation for finishing the toilet structure?
moderate (3 days to 2 weeks)
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Speed of Implementation for TreatmentHow acceptable are the following speeds of implementation for realizing a treatment technology in your case?
rapid (few days to a week)
moderate (few weeks up to three months)
Number of Systems
The number of valid system configurations from the appropriate technologies is typically very large. In a participative process, only a few options can be discussed meaningfully with stakeholders. A manageable number of options lies somewhere between three and 15. In order to make sure that the set of options remains diverse to illustrate how different options perform regarding different decision objectives, SaniChoice uses the system templates. Each option that is selected is from a different preselected template.
Target
By default, SaniChoice provides the systems with the highest system appropriateness scores. But systems can also be selected according to one of the resource products such as phosphorus, nitrogen, total solids (as an indicator for organics and energy) or water. Either the potential recovery ratios are considered or the losses to soil, air, and surface waters.
Selection Type
By default, SaniChoice provides a diverse set of options ("Diversity") by selecting the systems with the highest targets from the desired templates. To ignore the templates, the selection type can be set to "Ranking".
Learn more
To learn more on building entire system check out the Build Entire Sanitation Systems.
Qualitative estimates of the applicability of each technology given the phase of humanitarian context in a specific case. It is based on three categories:
Acute
Refers to the humanitarian phase immediately following an emergency. It usually covers the first days up to the first few weeks, where effective short-term measures are applied to alleviate the emergency situation quickly until more permanent solutions can be found.
Stabilisation (or Transition)
Refers to the phase starting after the first weeks of a crisis and can last several months or longer.
The allocation of technologies to different humanitarian/development phases is mainly based on speed of implementation, budget and material requirements. It allows giving a first general orientation but may differ in a specific local situation.
Development/Recovery
Refers to either a longer-term approach aiming to develop sanitation infrastructure in general (Development) or in a humanitarian context (Recovery), it refers to the phase where the aim is to rehabilitate infrastructure or implement long-lasting sanitation infrastructure and services.
Development / Recovery
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The concrete supply refers to concrete required to build the technology. The concrete supply is defined by three categories:
- No concrete.
- Difficultly available: concrete is difficult to source locally (high prices or fluctuating availability).
- Concrete: concrete is easily available.
Concrete supply is defined for all technologies regardless from their functional group and is important for technologies that need to be lined or sealed (e.g. biogas settler, sedimentation ponds)
References
What is the local availability of concrete in your case area?
The type of electricity supply defined by three categories:
- Continuous electricity: power cuts are highly unlikely.
- Intermittent electricity: frequent power cuts are occurring.
- No electricity.
The technology appropriateness is quantified based on the performance of a technology during normal operation and maintenance (e.g. for pumping, ventilation, aeration) given a certain energy supply.
Electricity supply is defined for the collection and storage (FG S), treatment (FG T), and reuse or disposal (FG D) technologies. Technologies for conveyance (FG C) such as sewers might need electricity depending on the slope and the pumps required, however, this is covered separately by other criteria ("Slope"" and "Pump Supply").
References
Tilley, Elizabeth, Ulrich, Lukas, Lüthi, Christoph, Reymond, Philippe, Zurbrügg, Christian (2014): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies - 2nd Revised Edition; Paul Donahue; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland
What proportion of each type of electricity supply is available in the given case?
The frequency of operation and maintenance (O&M) is defined based on the extent of labour (type of task and time) required to maintain a certain technology. Maintenance considered is cleaning, repairing and/or replacing mechanical parts but NOT emptying/desludging. It is evaluated in three categories:
- Low / Irregular: such as occasional cleaning or eventual repair. No maintenance of odour seals, washing with detergents or monitoring is required.
- Medium / Regular: more time-consuming operations such as regular cleaning, washing with detergents (e.g. the bowl with acid) or checking and replacing odour seals.
- High / Continuous: requiring permanent staff (full-time job) for maintenance, repair, removing scum, etc.
Frequency of O&M is defined for all technologies regardless from their functional group.
References
What level of operation and maintenance capacity is available/feasible in your case area?
The fuel supply is defined by two categories:
- Fuel: refers to if fuel is always available.
- No fuel.
The technology appropriateness is quantified based on the performance of a technology during normal operation (motorized transport in vehicles or with pumps) given a certain fuel supply.
Fuel supply is defined for conveyance (FG C) technologies alone.
To avoid technologies from being discarded (as the possibility of electric vehicles exists or during lack of fuel motorized vehicles can be replaced temporarily by manual labour), one should refrain from entering the value 100% for 'no fuel'.
References
What proportion of of the areas as what level of fuel supply?
The pipe supply is defined by three categories:
- No pipes.
- Difficultly available: pipes are difficult to source locally (high prices or fluctuating availability).
- Pipes: pipes are easily available.
Pipe supply is defined for the collection and storage (FG S), conveyance (FG C), treatment (FG T), and reuse and disposal (FG D) technologies and includes all pipes (e.g. drainage, ventilation, inlet, outlet).
References
How is the pipe supply distributed in your case area?
The pump supply refers to pumps for emptying, discharge, mixing, overcoming elevations, or generating pressure in sanitation technologies. It is defined by three categories:
- No pumps.
- Difficultly available: pumps are difficult to source locally (high prices or fluctuating availability)
- Pumps: pumps are easily available.
Pump supply is defined for the collection and storage (FG S), conveyance (FG C), treatment (FG T), and reuse and disposal (FG D) technologies.
References
How is the pump supply distributed in your case area?
Spare parts refers to the parts to be replaced during maintenance and repair, including covers, siphons, membranes, etc. The spare parts supply is defined by three categories:
- Simple: conventional parts generally locally available (e.g. simple metal or wood parts, covers, slabs).
- Technical: technical parts generally available (e.g. a siphon).
- Special: parts that need to be specifically manufactured (e.g. a membrane).
Spare parts supply is defined for all technologies regardless from their functional group.
References
What level of spare parts supply is available/feasible in your case area?
Type of water supply is defined by three categories:
- House: refers to an in-house water connection.
- Yard: refers to yard taps.
- Public: refers to public or community-managed standpipes.
- None: refers to no water supply.
The technology appropriateness is quantified based on the performance given a certain type of water supply.
Type of water supply is only applied for technologies from the user interface (FG U) since this will consequently affect water availability further down the sanitation system. For example, cistern flush toilets require an in-house water supply while pour flush toilets can work with yard supply. Water supply does not account for the amount of water available. There is another criterion "Water Volume".
References
Rath, Maria (2017): Identifying Appropriate and Sustainable Sanitation Technologies in Expanding Urban Areas of Developing Countries - Case Study in Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Günter Langergraber, Dorothee Spuhler; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna
Loetscher, Thomas, Keller, Jürg (2002): A Decision Support System for Selecting Sanitation Systems in Developing Countries; Socio-Economic Planning Sciences
Mara, Duncan David (2008): Sanitation Now: What is Good Practice and What is Poor Practice?; Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL
What proportion of each type of water supply is available in the given case?
The water volume is defined in litres per person per day used for flushing and anal cleansing using following default values and 6 uses per day per person:
- Anal cleaning water: 0.3 to 3 litres per use
- Pour flush toilet and UDFT: 1 to 3 litres per use
- Cistern flush toilet: 6 to 10 litres per use
The technology appropriateness accounts for the minimum water volumes required (e.g. for sewer, septic tank) and the maximum that a technology can handle (e.g. for pits).
Water volume is defined for the collection and storage (FG S) and conveyance technologies (FG C). Technologies of FG S and FG C that do not handle flushwater or blackwater will always be appropriate whatever the water volume considered.
References
Akvo., (2020): Settled Sewerage (Small Diameter); akvopedia.org
How much water volume is used for sanitary use (flushing and anal cleansing) in litres per person per day?
The ease of excavation is important for technologies that have to be constructed below ground. It is defined by two categories:
- Easy: can be excavated without special machinery.
- Hard: needs special machinery and equipment for instance in rocky ground conditions.
Excavation is defined for the collection and storage (FG S), conveyance (FG C), treatment (FG T), and reuse and disposal (FG D) technologies.
References
How is the ease of excavation distributed in your case area?
The flooding by two categories:
- No flooding: describes conditions where surface flooding is a rare phenomenon.
- Flooding: describes conditions where intense rainfall and/or rise in levels of a neighbouring water body leads to flooding of surfaces.
Flooding is defined for the onsite collection and storage/treatment (FG S), conveyance (FG C), treatment (FG T), and reuse or disposal (FG D) technologies.
References
Loetscher, Thomas, Keller, Jürg (2002): A Decision Support System for Selecting Sanitation Systems in Developing Countries; Socio-Economic Planning Sciences
How is the flooding risk distributed in your case area?
The groundwater depth is defined as the lowest and highest level in meters distance from the surface over a year’s time. It screens out technologies that are not sealed and underground. A distance of three meters between the point of infiltration (e.g. the bottom of a pit) and the groundwater table is assumed to be safe.
Groundwater depth is defined for the onsite collection and storage/treatment (FG S), and reuse and disposal (FG D) technologies. Conveyance (FG C) and treatment (FG T) technologies are assumed to be sealed against the ground.
References
Monvois, Jacques, Frenoux, Clément, Gabert, Julien, Guillaume, Marie (2010): How to Select Appropriate Technical Solutions for Sanitation - Guide 4; Programme Solidarité Eau (pS-Eau), Paris, France
Loetscher, Thomas, Keller, Jürg (2002): A Decision Support System for Selecting Sanitation Systems in Developing Countries; Socio-Economic Planning Sciences
What is the local groundwater depth?
Slope can be an important aspect for all technologies but here it is considered relevant for conveyance technologies (FG C): sewers and road-based transport. Slope is defined by three categories:
- Flat: 0-1% gradient.
- Not flat: this includes everything from rolling to steep slopes (>1% gradient).
Note: 1% gradient is not equal to 1°. To convert degrees [°] to percent gradient [%], use this formula:
α[%] = tangent(α[°]) x 100
References
Monvois, Jacques, Frenoux, Clément, Gabert, Julien, Guillaume, Marie (2010): How to Select Appropriate Technical Solutions for Sanitation - Guide 4; Programme Solidarité Eau (pS-Eau), Paris, France
How is the slope distributed in your case area?
Soil type determines the soil absorption capacity and thus the percolation rate and filtration capacity. Soil type is defined by five categories:
- Rock (continous stratum): extremely low/negligible permeability with risk of stagnation and limited cleansing capacity.
- Clay: very low permeability, with risk of stagnation and limited cleansing capacity.
- Silt: low permeability with moderate risk of stagnation but adequate filtration or cleansing capacity.
- Sand: moderate permeability with good percolation and good soil filtration or cleansing capacity.
- Gravel: high permeability, is considered best for percolation, but the cleansing capacity is very limited.
Soil type is used for collection and storage (FG S), and reuse and disposal (FG D) technologies.
The importance of the soil type for construction stability is not considered here.
References
Spuhler, Dorothee, Fritzsche, Julian, Illmanen, Kukka, Jain, Akanksha, Willimann, Cyril, van Sloten, Matthias (2021): Own Estimation (Best Guess) from the SaniChoice Project Team 2021; Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (SANDEC), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland
How is the soil type distributed in your case area?
The surface area (offsite) refers to the space available for technology construction offsite at a centralized location and is evaluated in m2 per person.
Note that each technology is compared to the available surface area individually. Often, several offsite technologies need to be combined, for instance a sedimentation pond with a waste stabilisation pond. The appropriateness does not account for the cumulative surface area requirements of multiple technologies.
References
How much total surface area per person (m2/pers) is available offsite for decentralized and centralized treatment technologies for the case?
The surface area (onsite) refers to the space available for onsite technology construction. Is is evaluated in square meter per unit [m2/unit].
This criterion is defined for the collection and storage (FG S) technologies only.
References
Monvois, Jacques, Frenoux, Clément, Gabert, Julien, Guillaume, Marie (2010): How to Select Appropriate Technical Solutions for Sanitation - Guide 4; Programme Solidarité Eau (pS-Eau), Paris, France
How much surface area (m2) is available in the case per unit of planned onsite technology (e.g. for a double pit latrine)?
Temperature is defined to account for the sensitivity of biological processes and soil infiltration to it. The temperature is quantified based on three categories (referring to daily mean temperatures):
- Very cold: refers to temperatures less than -10°C.
- Cold: refers to temperatures between -10 to 10°C.
- Temperate: refers to temperatures between 10 to 20°C.
- Warm: refers to temperatures between 20 to 30°C.
- Hot: refers to temperatures above 30°C.
Temperature is defined for the collection and storage (FG S), treatment (FG T), and reuse or disposal (FG D) technologies
References
Spuhler, Dorothee, Fritzsche, Julian, Illmanen, Kukka, Jain, Akanksha, Willimann, Cyril, van Sloten, Matthias (2021): Own Estimation (Best Guess) from the SaniChoice Project Team 2021; Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (SANDEC), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland
How is the temperature distributed over the year in your case area?
Vehicular access is sometimes needed to empty onsite facilities. Vehicular access is defined by three categories:
- No access: vehicles cannot reach the site, because the road widths are less than 2 meters or the terrain is impossible to traverse.
- Difficult access: road widths are between 2-5 meters or terrain is difficult (no proper roads, hilly, etc.)
- Full access: road widths are over 5 meters and roads which larger vehicles, such as a pumping truck, can use without any problem.
Vehicular access is only used for onsite and decentralized collection and storage (FG S) technologies.
Vehicular access is sometimes seasonally limited only (e.g. flooding during monsoon), however, this is not considered here but in a separate criteria for flooding.
References
How is the accessibility by motorized vehicles (e.g. pumping trucks) at locations planned for onsite sanitation technologies distributed in your case area?
The drinking water exposure is s important for technologies that rely on soil absorption and might pose a risk to nearby drinking water sources. It is defined by two categories:
- Close: refers to a distance less than 30 meters from the implementation site to the closest drinking water source (e.g. a groundwater well).
- Not close: refers to a distance of more than 30 meters from the implementation site to the closest drinking water source.
Drinking water exposure is defined for the collection and storage (FG S), and reuse and disposal (FG D) technologies.
References
How many of the implementation sites can pollute nearby drinking water sources (e.g. groundwater wells)?
Construction skills refer to the skills required for the construction of sanitation technologies and is defined by three categories:
- Unskilled labour: casual/daily labourer such as mason, artisan, or craftsman.
- Skilled labour: plumber, technician (maintenance, lab, IT), mechanic, electrician, trained mason/artisan/craftsman.
- Professional: highly qualified engineer, architect, planner, or supervisor.
Construction skills is defined for all technologies regardless from their functional group. It is not representative of the entire local workforce but only the one that will be involved in the implementation of sanitation technologies.
References
Rath, Maria (2017): Identifying Appropriate and Sustainable Sanitation Technologies in Expanding Urban Areas of Developing Countries - Case Study in Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Günter Langergraber, Dorothee Spuhler; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna
Bouabid, Ali, Louis, Garrick (2015): Capacity Factor Analysis for Evaluating Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Choices for Developing Communities; Journal of environmental management Vol. 161
Ddiba, Daniel (2016): Generation and Assessment of Sanitation Systems for Strategic Planning (GRASP) - Evaluating Screening Attributes to Identify Locally Appropriate Technology and System Options for Developing Urban Areas; Dorothee Spuhler; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland
How is the construction skills availability distributed in your case area?
Design skills refer to the skills required for the technical design of technologies and is defined by three categories:
- Unskilled labour: casual/daily labourer such as mason, artisan, or craftsman.
- Skilled labour: plumber, technician (maintenance, lab, IT), mechanic, electrician, trained mason/artisan/craftsman.
- Professional: highly qualified engineer, architect, planner, or supervisor.
The criteria is defined for all technologies regardless from their functional group. It is not representative of the entire local workforce but only the one that will be involved in the implementation of sanitation technologies.
References
Rath, Maria (2017): Identifying Appropriate and Sustainable Sanitation Technologies in Expanding Urban Areas of Developing Countries - Case Study in Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Günter Langergraber, Dorothee Spuhler; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna
How is the design skills availability distributed in your case area?
Operation and maintenance (O&M) skills refer to the skills required for regular maintenance of sanitation technologies and is defined by three categories:
- Unskilled: casual/daily labourer such as pit digger, sanitary worker, pit emptier.
- Skilled: plumber, technician (maintenance, lab, IT), mechanic, electrician, trained mason/artisan/craftsman. Also includes basic administrative and finance skills
- Professional: highly qualified collection supervisor, treatment supervisor, chemist, and administrator (including finance).
O&M skills is defined for all technologies regardless from their functional group. It is not representative of the entire local workforce but only the one that will be involved in the operation and maintenance of sanitation technologies.
References
Rath, Maria (2017): Identifying Appropriate and Sustainable Sanitation Technologies in Expanding Urban Areas of Developing Countries - Case Study in Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Günter Langergraber, Dorothee Spuhler; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna
How is the operation and maintenance skills availability distributed in your case area?
Cleansing method is defined by two categories:
- Washers: refers to the use of anal cleansing water
- Soft wipers: refers to the use of toilet paper or other soft materials.
- Hard wipers: refers to the use of any other, mostly hard and bulky material such as maize cobs.
Cleansing method is defined for the user interface (FG U) technologies only.
References
Loetscher, Thomas, Keller, Jürg (2002): A Decision Support System for Selecting Sanitation Systems in Developing Countries; Socio-Economic Planning Sciences
How is the cleansing method distributed in your case area?
Construction parts supply is applied specifically for humanitarian contexts, where accessibility of construction materials might be limited or special prefabricated parts might cause delays and higher costs due to the required transportation. It is defined by three categories:
- Simple: conventional metal, wood parts.
- Technical: technical parts generally available (e.g. a siphon).
- Special: parts that need to be specifically manufactured (e.g. a membrane).
References
Spuhler, Dorothee, Fritzsche, Julian, Illmanen, Kukka, Jain, Akanksha, Willimann, Cyril, van Sloten, Matthias (2021): Own Estimation (Best Guess) from the SaniChoice Project Team 2021; Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (SANDEC), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland
What level of accessibility does each type of parts (required for construction) have in your case?
Lifetime is defined for humanitarian contexts based on three categories:
- Short: < 1 year
- Medium: 1-5 years
- Long: > 5 years
Lifetime is defined for storage and treatment (FG S), (Semi-)centralized treatment (FG T) and reuse or disposal (FG D) technologies.
If a technology has a long service life, it can be also used for shorter periods of time but it may require a longer start-up time. The minimum lifetime of a technology (e.g. start-up or storage times) is not taken into consideration but is defined by the speed of implementation.
References
Spuhler, Dorothee, Fritzsche, Julian, Illmanen, Kukka, Jain, Akanksha, Willimann, Cyril, van Sloten, Matthias (2021): Own Estimation (Best Guess) from the SaniChoice Project Team 2021; Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (SANDEC), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland
What lifetime is a technology required to have in the case?
Scalability refers to the possibility to extend for increased users to be served. It is defined by two categories:
- Easy: refers to if the technology can be easily up-scaled to accommodate changing number of users.
- Difficult: refers to difficulty in achieving the above.
Scalability is either possible due to a flexible design that allows for larger inputs or a modular design where units can be added to extend capacity. The focus is on the technological feasibility to scale up and limitations such as space or economics are not considered.
The criterion is implemented for storage and treatment (FG S), conveyance (FG C) and (Semi-) centralized treatment (FG T) technologies.
References
What scalability is a technology required to provide in your case?
The criterion has been developed specifically and is only applicable for humanitarian contexts. Semi-quantitative estimates of the performance of each technology given the preference for the time within which functional toilets are required in a specific case. It is based on the following three categories:
- Rapid: refers to when implementation is possible under three days.
- Moderate: refers to an implementation time between three days to two weeks.
- Slow: refers to an implementation time longer than two weeks.
Toilet coverage with safe onsite containment is a priority and often comes prior to the implementation of the entire treatment chain. It is relevant to use this criteria in an acute response phase.
Speed of implementation is defined for technologies for onsite collection and storage/treatment technologies (FG S).
References
Spuhler, Dorothee, Fritzsche, Julian, Illmanen, Kukka, Jain, Akanksha, Willimann, Cyril, van Sloten, Matthias (2021): Own Estimation (Best Guess) from the SaniChoice Project Team 2021; Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (SANDEC), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland
How acceptable are the following speeds of implementation for finishing the toilet structure?
Speed of implementation for treatment technologies is defined for humanitarian contexts based on three categories:
- Rapid: refers to implementation within a few days to up to one week.
- Moderate: refers to an implementation time between a few weeks up to three months.
- Slow: refers to an implementation time longer than three months. The quality of implementation of the technology is assumed to be the same for all of the aforementioned speeds, i.e. for example, ’rapid’ in no way equates to fast sub-standard construction.
A treatment system is considered to be functional after its expected construction time and start-up time if any is required (e.g. for biological processes). In the implementation phase, functional treatment system comes often after having reached toilet coverage and safe onsite containment. Therefore, it is relevant to consider this criteria more in the stabilization phase of humanitarian context.
This criterion is applicable to (semi-) centralized treatment technologies (FG T) only.
References
Spuhler, Dorothee, Fritzsche, Julian, Illmanen, Kukka, Jain, Akanksha, Willimann, Cyril, van Sloten, Matthias (2021): Own Estimation (Best Guess) from the SaniChoice Project Team 2021; Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (SANDEC), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland
How acceptable are the following speeds of implementation for realizing a treatment technology in your case?
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